Phenomenography as a research method for Management education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19094/contextus.2022.71414Keywords:
phenomenography, research method, management education, experience, teachingAbstract
This theoretical essay characterises phenomenography as a research method to broaden the understanding of the phenomenon of management education in Brazil. The historical evolution, epistemological positioning, and basic elements of the method are presented first, followed by a description of the phenomenographic research process, with an emphasis on the scenario, and the procedures for data collection and analysis to identify the convergent perceptions or conceptions. For management education, the results of studies underpinned by phenomenography may help agents involved in the teaching-learning process understand how students and professors experience phenomena and aid not only in how curricula are structured but also in the planning process and the teaching in the environment where students learn.
References
Åkerlind, G. S. (2004). A new dimension to understanding university teaching. Teaching in Higher Education, 9(3), 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356251042000216679
Åkerlind, G. S. (2008). A phenomenographic approach to developing academics’ understanding of the nature of teaching and learning. Teaching in Higher Education, 13(6), 633-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510802452350
Åkerlind, G., Mckenzie, J., & Lupton, M. (2014). The potential of combining phenomenography, variation theory and threshold concepts to inform curriculum design in higher education. In J. Huisman & M. Tight (Eds.), Theory and Method in Higher Education Research II. International Perspectives on Higher Education Research, 10. UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-3628(2014)0000010017
Amaro, R. A. (2020). Concepções de trabalho e desenvolvimento da competência profissional: Estudo fenomenográfico com agentes locais de inovação do Sebrae. Organizações & Sociedade, 27(92), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-9270921
Amaro, R. D. A., & Brunstein, J. (2014). As contribuições da fenomenografia para os estudos da competência profissional. Revista Alcance, 21(4), 585-611. https://doi.org/10.14210/alcance.v21n4.p585-611
Broman, S. L. S., Ruas, R. L., & Rocha-Pinto, S. R. (2019). A construção de competências coletivas na dinâmica das rotinas orçamentárias. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 17, 871-885. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395174729
Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (2017) Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315609751
Çekmez, E., Yildiz, C., & Bütüner, S. Ö. (2012). Phenomenographic research method. Electronic Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 6(2), 77-102.
Cherman, A., & Rocha-Pinto, S. R. da (2016). Valoração do conhecimento nas organizações e sua incorporação nas práticas e rotinas organizacionais. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 18(61), 416-435. https://doi.org/10.17771/pucrio.acad.23561
Cousin, G. (2009). Researching learning in higher education: An introduction to contemporary methods and approaches. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884584
Dadkhah, M., Lagzian, M., & Santoro, G. (2019). How can health professionals contribute to the internet of things body of knowledge: a phenomenography study. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 49(2), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-10-2018-0091
Faria-Schützer, D. B. Surita, F. G. Alves, V. L. P., Bastos, R. A., Campos, C. J. G., & Turato, E. R. (2021) Seven steps for qualitative treatment in health research: The clinical-qualitative content analysis. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26(1), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261.07622019
Feldon, D. F., & Tofel-Grehl, C. (2018). Phenomenography as a foundation for mixed models research. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(7), 887-899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218772640
Godoi, C. K. (2015). Grupo de discussão como prática de pesquisa em estudos organizacionais. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(6), 632-644. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020150603
Han, F., & Ellis, R. A. (2019). Using phenomenography to tackle key challenges in science education. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01414
Imoniana, J. O., & Aquino, A. A. (2017). Contabilidade forense e perícia contábil: Um estudo fenomenográfico. Revista Organizações em Contexto, 13(26), 101-126.
Inglat, L. P. S., & Villardi, B. Q. (2018). Refletindo sobre a fenomenografia na prática de pesquisa qualitativa em organizações: Pesquisador reflexivo e reflexão pública. Revista ADM.MADE, 22(2), 62-79. https://doi.org/10.21714/2237-51392018v22n2p062079
Ireland, J. T. M., Neofa, Z., & Harding, T. (2009). The tale of four researchers: Trials and triumphs from the phenomenographic research specialization. Proceedings of the Australian Association for Research in Education (AARE) 2008 International Research Conference. Changing Climates: Education for Sustainable Futures. The Australian Association for Research in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03219531
Jardim, L. S. S., & Rocha-Pinto, S. R. (2017). Desvelando a competência em rotinas de programação da produção a partir do método fenomenográfico. Revista Alcance, 24(4), 602-618. https://doi.org/10.14210/alcance.v24n4(Out/Dez).p602-618
Kember, D., & Kwan, K.P. (2000). Lecturers’ approaches to teaching and their relationship to conceptions of good teaching. Instructional Science, 28(5), 469-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0593-7_10
Khan, S. H. (2014). Phenomenography: A qualitative research methodology in Bangladesh. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 5(2), 34-43.
Light, G., & Calkins, S. (2015). The experience of academic learning: uneven conceptions of learning across research and teaching. Higher Education, 69(3), 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9779-0
Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography - describing conceptions of the world around us. Instructional Science, 10(2), 177-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00132516
Marton, F. (1994). The idea of phenomenography. In R. Ballantyne & C. Bruce (Eds.), Phenomenography: Philosophy and practice (pp. 7-8). Centre for Applied Environmental and Social Education Research Printed in Brisbane. Brisbane/Australia: QUT Publications and Printing.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
Minayo, M. C. S., Deslandes, S. F., & Gomes, R. (2011). Pesquisa social: Teoria, método e criatividade. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Pherali, T. (2011). Phenomenography as a research strategy: Researching environmental conceptions. Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Postareff, L., Lindblom-Ylänne, S., & Nevgi, A. (2008). A follow-up study of the effect of pedagogical training on teaching in higher education. Higher Education, 56(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9087-z
Renström, L., Andersson, B., & Marton, F. (1990). Students’ conceptions of matter. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(3), 555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.3.555
Rocha-Pinto, S. R., Jardim, L. S., Broman, S. L. S., Guimarães, M. I. P., & Trevia, C. F. (2019). Phenomenography’s contribution to organizational studies based on a practice perspective. RAUSP Management Journal, 54, 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-05-2019-0085
Samuelowicz, K., & Bain, J. D. (2001). Revisiting academics’ beliefs about teaching and learning. Higher Education, 41(3), 299-325. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004130031247
Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: An interpretative approach. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556383
Santos, L. S., Leal, F. G., Alperstedt, G. D., & Feuerschütte, S. G. (2018). O método fenomenográfico na pesquisa científica em administração no Brasil: análise e discussão sobre seu uso. Revista de Ciências da Administração, 20(50), 129-146. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2018v20n50p129
Santos, G., & Silva, A. (2019). “Mergulhando” nos significados e revelando concepções do ser professor na administração. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 20(5),1-34. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMG190144
Silva, A.B. & Roman, J., Neto (2010). Perspectiva multiparadigmática nos estudos organizacionais. In C. K. Godoi, R. Bandeira-de-Mello & A. B. Silva (Orgs.), Pesquisa Qualitativa em Estudos Organizacionais: Paradigmas, Estratégias e Métodos (pp. 63-97). 2 ed. São Paulo: Saraiva.
Soares, J. R. R., & Godoi, C. K. (2017). A metodologia da análise sociológica do discurso em estudos turísticos: O processo de transformação da imagem turística e sua relação com a lealdade. Pasos – Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 15(1), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2017.15.015
Shenton, A. K., & Hayter, S. (2006). Terminology deconstructed: Phenomenographic approaches to investigating the term “information”. Library & Information Science Research, 28(4), 563-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2006.10.003
Stake, R. E. (2016). Pesquisa qualitativa: Estudando como as coisas funcionam. Porto Alegre: Penso Editora. https://doi.org/10.18675/1981-8106.v30.n.63.s14553
Svensson, L. (1997) Theoretical foundations of phenomenography. Higher Education Research & Development, 16(2), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436970160204
Trevia, C. F., Broman, S. L. S., Jardim, L. S., Rocha-Pinto, S. R., & Guimarães, M. I. P. (2018). Qualidade em Fenomenografia nas Organizações. Revista ADM.MADE, 22(2), 48-61. https://doi.org/10.21714/2237-51392018v22n2p048061
Trevia, C. F., Jardim, L. S., & Rocha-Pinto, S. R. (2020). Governança corporativa e fenomenografia: Revisão de literatura e proposição de abordagem teórico-metodológica. Revista Organizações em Contexto, 16(31), 247-265.
Vidal, D. S. M., & Rocha-Pinto, S. R. (2020). A incorporação da 'accountability' em rotinas organizacionais de controles internos. Revista Ciências Administrativas, 26, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5020/2318-0722.2020.8095
Wood, K. (2000). The experience of learning to teach: Changing student teachers’ ways of understanding teaching. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 32(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/002202700182862
Zhao, J., Mcconnell, D., & Jiang, Y. (jan. 2009). Teachers’ conceptions of e‐learning in Chinese higher education. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 26(2), 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650740910946800
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors, while doing the submission, accept the notice below:
We authors hold the copyright related to our paper and transfer Contextus journal the right for the first publication with a Creative Commons’ international license of the modality Attribution – Non-commercial 4.0, which in turn allows the paper to be shared providing that both the authorship and the journal’s right for initial release are acknowledged.
Furthermore, we are aware of our permission to take part in additional contracts independently for non-exclusive distribution of the version of our work published in this journal (e.g. publishing it in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), while acknowledging both the authorship and the journal’s initial publication.
We also certify that the paper is original and up to this date has not been released in any other journal, Brazilian or of another nationality, either in Portuguese or another language, as well as it has not been sent for simultaneous publication in other journals.
Last, we not only know that plagiarism is not tolerated by Contextus but also certify the paper presents the sources of passages from cited works, including those authored by ourselves.